ABSTRACT The selection of the type of fuzzy systems pertinence curve allows a better representation of the mathematical model and a smaller simulation error. We aimed to study the effect of pertinence curves in fuzzy modeling of broiler performance, created in different production systems. For the development and testing of fuzzy models, three commercial aviaries (conventional, tunnel with negative pressure, and dark house) were evaluated over one year, totaling six lots per system. For the development of the model, the input variables were enthalpy in each rearing phase (initial: phases 1, 2, and 3; growth: phase 4; and final: phase 5) and the output variables were feed intake (FE), weight gain (GP), feed conversion (FE), and the productive efficiency index (PEI). Triangular, trapezoidal, and Gaussian pertinence curves were combined and applied to represent the input and output fuzzy sets, totaling nine fuzzy models for each output variable. The combinations of pertinence curves provided adequate responses for the prediction of AL, GP, RC, and PEI. However, the selection of the types of curves should be studied on a case-by-case basis, so that the smallest possible simulation errors are obtained.

ABSTRACT Broiler chickens are classified as homoeothermic animals and require a production environment within well-defined thermal comfort intervals. Therefore, the development of algorithms (mathematical models) to control the environment that can be embedded in microcontrollers becomes necessary. Hence, this work aimed to develop a fuzzy model for predicting the productive performance of broiler chickens as a function of the thermal environment during the various breeding phases. The Mamdani inference and defuzzification methods were used, by means of the gravity center, to develop the fuzzy model. Two hundred and forty-three rules with weighting factors of 1.0 each were elaborated. Three commercial warehouses (conventional system, wind tunnel with negative pressure and dark house) were evaluated for testing of the model. We recorded the thermal environment (dry bulb temperature - tdb and relative humidity - RH) and productivity data (feed intake - FI, weight gain - WG, feed conversion - FC and productive efficiency index - PEI) over six lots in each aviary. The resulting fuzzy model was capable of forecasting FI, WG, FC, and PEI, with standard deviations and mean percentage errors of 4.16 g and 5.05%, 146.53 g and 8.04%, 0.06 g g−1 and 4.96%, and 24.51 g and 12.29%, respectively.

ABSTRACT Broiler chickens are homoeothermic animals, i.e., animals capable of maintaining their body temperature within quite narrow limits; therefore, climate change poses a great challenge to poultry. With this in mind, this research aims to evaluate the performance of broilers submitted to different commercial production systems and exposed to different future scenarios, taking into account the climate change trends. To achieve this objective, we developed and validated a fuzzy model able to predict the performance of a broiler as a function of enthalpy along its life stages. This model was developed and validated in part I of this article based on experimental data collected for one year in three aviaries: conventional, negative pressure, and dark house systems. A Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and linear regression analysis were applied to the enthalpy values, which were calculated as a function of the ambient air temperature and relative humidity in order to study the climate change trends. Later, simulations were performed using the fuzzy model for 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100 future scenarios. Specific improvements were observed when the heating trends coincided with the initial stages of breeding; however, in general, the productive responses of broilers in the different evaluated systems worsened with the climate change trends. Faced with the climate change trends, the responses improved in the order dark house aviary > negative pressure aviary> conventional aviary.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a variação espacial da temperatura, umidade relativa e índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade (ITGU) em instalações de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação, com e sem resfriador de ar evaporativo. O experimento foi conduzido em uma edificação de 60 x 9 m, contendo 32 baias de 3,20 x 4,00 m cada uma, divididos em dois setores. Os tratamentos foram sem resfriador de ar evaporativo (controle) e com resfriador de ar evaporativo sendo os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa coletados semanalmente em dois períodos (manhã e tarde) em 32 pontos de amostragem diferentes abrangendo o centro de cada baia e o perímetro exterior das instalações. As variáveis de desempenho dos animais foram: consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, peso ao sair da creche, peso ao abate, ganho de peso e ganho de peso diário. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis analisadas apresentaram dependência espacial com temperatura mais baixa e umidade do ar mais alta no setor com resfriador evaporativo. Desta forma, o resfriamento evaporativo melhorou as condições térmicas ambientais no interior da instalação, reduzindo os valores do ITGU, os quais foram menores no setor de resfriamento adiabático. Embora o conforto térmico do ambiente com resfriamento evaporativo tenha sido melhor, os suínos não responderam a esta melhoria, em termos de desempenho.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial variation of temperature, relative humidity and black globe humidity temperature (BGHT) index in growing-finishing swine facilities, with and without evaporative air cooler. The experiment was conducted in a 60 x 9 m facility containing 32 pens of 3.20 x 4.00 m each, divided into two sectors. The treatments were without evaporative air cooler (control) and with evaporative air cooler. Temperature and relative humidity data were collected weekly in two periods (morning and afternoon) at 32 different sampling points, encompassing the center of each pen and the outer perimeter of the facility. Animal performance variables were: feed intake, feed conversion, weight out of the nursery, slaughter weight, weight gain and daily weight gain. According to the results, the analyzed variables showed spatial dependence, with lower temperature and higher relative humidity in the evaporative air cooler environment. However, evaporative air cooler system provided better environment thermal conditions inside the facilities, lowering BGHT values, which were lower in the adiabatic cooling sector. Although thermal conditions were better in the air cooler environment, swine performance was not affected.

Objetivou-se avaliar cinco tipos de composteira na decomposição das carcaças de aves e analisar físico-quimicamente os compostos obtidos. Os tipos de composteira utilizados foram: tijolo com sei furos, madeira, tela, leira com três tubos de PVC com seis furos e leira com três tubos de PVC com 10 furos. A compostagem foi acompanhada por quatro períodos utilizando a maravalha como substrato. Em cada composteira, foi colocada uma carcaça de ave. O tombamento das pilhas foi realizado a cada 10 dias. A temperatura em cada camada foi medida no 1º, 7º, 14º, 19º e 29º dia, às 15 h, bem como a temperatura ambiente. Também foi medida a temperatura no tombamento das pilhas, em cinco pontos por camada, e realizada a pesagem das carcaças para o cálculo da porcentagem de decomposição. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados nos substratos foram: umidade, cinzas, fósforo, potássio, nitrogênio, pH, carbono orgânico e relação C/N, até os 30 dias. Os dados foram analisados por meio do modelo de medidas repetidas, utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS. Todos os valores da composição físico-química final dos substratos encontraram-se de acordo com os valores da IN-25, exceto o nitrogênio. Os tipos de composteira foram eficientes na decomposição das carcaças de aves.

This study aimed to assess five composter types in poultry carcasses decomposition and to perform a physicochemical analysis of the compounds obtained. Composter types used were six-hole brick, wood, screen, windrow with three PVC pipes with six holes and windrow with three PVC pipes with 10 holes. Composting was followed by four periods using wood shaving like substrate with one bird carcass placed in each composter. Pile turning was performed every 10 days and temperature in each layer was measured on 1st, 7th, 14th, 19th and 29th day, at 3 p.m., as well as room temperature. Temperature during pile turning was also measured at five points per layer and carcass weighing performed to calculate decomposition percentage. Physicochemical parameters evaluated in substrates were moisture, ash, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, pH, organic carbon and C/N ratio, up to 30 days. Data were analyzed by repeated measures model, using MIXED method of SAS software. All values of final physicochemical composition of substrates were found according to values of IN-25, except nitrogen. The composter types were efficient in decomposition of poultry carcasses.

Neste estudo objetivou-se quantificar a distribuição da temperatura superficial do corpo da ave, determinar a relação de proporção da taxa de perda de calor (TPC) e de resfriamento (TR) em função do peso e da idade da ave, além de realizar avaliações morfológicas por meio de análise de imagens. Os pintos de um dia ROSS 508 foram acompanhados semanalmente, durante 42 dias de idade e distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 animais. Em período igual cada ave foi pesada, fotografada e coletada a temperatura de cada parte do corpo. Os dados da temperatura das partes do corpo da ave foram avaliados através do PROC MIXED do SAS. Em ambas as medidas da temperatura das partes da ave ocorreu variabilidade não apresentando, no entanto, um comportamento definido com a idade. A taxa de perda de calor (TPC) aumentou com a idade e com o peso da ave. Apesar disto, a taxa de resfriamento (TR) foi inversamente proporcional ao peso da ave. A utilização de imagens digitais para estimar a área, o peso e as medidas morfológicas em função da idade das aves, é viável e pode ser utilizada no cálculo de transferência de calor e de massa para dimensionar sistemas de climatização dos aviários e também para o desenvolvimento de equipamentos utilizando-se visão computacional.

The study was carried out with the objectives to quantify the distribution of the superficial temperature of the body of the broiler, to determine the relationship of proportion of the rate of heat loss (HLR) and of cooling (CR) in function of the weight and broiler age and to accomplish morphologic evaluations by means of image analysis. The ROSS 508 broilers of one day were weekly accompanied during 42 days of age, distributed in two groups of 10 animals. Weekly, each broiler was weighed, photographed and the temperature of each body part was observed. The data of the temperature of broiler´s body parts were appraised using PROC MIXED of the SAS. Both temperature measurements of the broiler parts showed variability though not presenting a defined behavior with age. The rate of heat loss (HLR) increased with age and broiler weight. However, cooling rate (CR) was inversely proportional to the broiler weight. The use of digital images to esteem the area, the weight and the morphologic measures in function of the broiler age is viable and can be used in calculation of heat and mass transfer for climatization systems of poultry house and also for the development of equipments using vision computational.

Neste estudo foram avaliados dois modelos de maternidade. O modelo um (MOD 1) era formado por duas salas similares, cada sala composta de oito celas parideiras individuais. O escamoteador era de alvenaria com tampa de madeira e aquecimento no piso, por resistência elétrica. A sala do modelo dois (MOD 2), continha 20 celas parideiras individuais, dentre as quais foram avaliadas apenas 16. Os escamoteadores eram de madeira com aquecimento por lâmpada incandescente de 60 W. Foram avaliadas as condições de ambiente das salas e do interior dos escamoteadores. O comportamento dos leitões foi avaliado no ambiente das salas e nos escamoteadores. O ambiente mais favorável para os leitões foi no MOD 1 com o maior percentual de valores de temperatura e umidade dentro da zona de conforto. A temperatura do piso do escamoteador do MOD 2 obteve os melhores resultados. O comportamento mais observado nos leitões foi o de permanecerem no interior do escamoteador e deitados aglomerado. A presente área de estudo carece de mais pesquisas que levem em consideração variáveis que possam afetar a temperatura no interior dos escamoteadores, como o material utilizado na construção dos abrigos e a troca de calor entre os leitões.

In this study two models of motherhood were evaluated. A model (MOD 1) consisted of two similar rooms, each room was made up of eight individual breed cells. The creep was of brick with wooden lid and floor heating by electrical resistance. The rooms of second model (MOD 2), consisted of 20 individual cells breeder, where only 16 were evaluated. The creep of wood was heated by 60 W incandescent lamp. The environmental conditions of the rooms and the interior of creep were assessed. The behavior of the piglets was assessed in the hall environment and creep. Generally, the more favorable environment for the piglets was in MOD 1 with the higher values of temperature and humidity within the comfort zone. The floor temperature of creep of MOD 2 was the one which provided the best results. The most observed behavior in the piglets was to stay inside the creep area and cluster of lying. The theme of this study needs further research, taking into account variables that may affect the temperature inside the creep area such as the material used in construction of shelter and heat exchange among the piglets.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se realizar imagens termográficas da superfície de telhas visando avaliar sua temperatura superficial. Os tratamentos mensurados se constituíram de: T1 -Telha Coppo Venneto Ondulada Cinza; T2 - Telha Coppo Venneto Ondulada Marfim; T3 - Telha Plana Marfim; T4 - Telha Plana Cinza; T5 - Telha de Barro Colonial esmaltada; T6 - Telha Ondulada de Cimento Amianto e T7 - Telha de Barro Francesa. Cada unidade experimental foi composta de três telhas sobrepostas uma sobre a outra, exceto no tratamento de telha ondulada de cimento amianto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os dados coletados em cada horário foram analisados por meio do modelo de medidas repetidas, utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS. As temperaturas da superfície inferior das telhas foram muito parecidas ao longo do dia. As telhas com coloração marfim obtiveram melhores valores de temperatura superior e inferior que as telhas com coloração cinza, nas respectivas categorias. A telha de barro colonial obteve maior temperatura da superfície inferior que as demais telhas.

The objective of study was to get thermographic images from the surface of roof tiles to evaluate their tempertures. The evaluated treatments were: T1 - grey Coppo Venneto wave tiles ; T3 -Ivory-colored Coppo Venneto wave tiles; T2 - Ivory- colored, plain tile; T4 - plain, grey roof tile; T5 - glazed clay colonial tile; T6 - Asbestos wave tile T7 - French clay tiles . Each treatment was made up of three tiles which were piled one top of the other, except for the asbestos tiles. The experimental design was in randomized block with three repetitions. The data which were collected in each set time were analyzed through the repetitive measure model, using the MIXED procedure - SAS. The temperatures of the inferior surface of the tiles were very similar throughout the day. The ivory colored tiles had better superior and inferior temperature than the grey-colored ones in their respective category. The glazed, clay colonial tile presented a larger temperature of inferior surface than the other tiles.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de diferentes substratos na decomposição de carcaça de frango de corte. Utilizaram-se seis câmaras de uma composteira, medindo 0,80 m de largura, 1,20 m de profundidade e 1,50 m de altura cada uma. Os substratos utilizados foram: acícula de pinus, bagaço de cana, palha de milho, casca de amendoim, capim e maravalha. A compostagem foi acompanhada de 4 períodos. A pilha de cada câmara foi montada em 5 camadas, de cujo total foram depositadas, em duas camadas, 5 carcaças de aves, distribuídas uniformemente. A cada 10 dias se realizou o tombamento das pilhas com o objetivo de aerar o substrato e se lhe adicionou água. Após 30 dias realizou-se o tombamento final. Na montagem das pilhas e nos tombamentos pesaram-se, separadamente, as carcaças e os substratos. Durante o processo os parâmetros monitorados foram matéria seca, cinzas, fósforo, potássio, nitrogênio, pH, carbono orgânico e razão C/N. Todos os substratos foram eficientes na decomposição das carcaças de aves e os valores da composição físico-química final dos substratos estão de acordo com os valores da IN-25/Mapa, ou seja, todos os substratos podem ser utilizados como fertilizantes orgânicos simples.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of different substrates in the decomposition of broiler carcasses. Six containers of a compost maker were used each one measuring 0.80 m width, 1.20 m depth and 1.50 m height. The substrates were: pine aciculae, sugarcane bagasse, corn straw, peanut shells, grass and sawdust. The composting was accompanied by four periods. The pile of each container was made up of five layers, in which, five poultry carcasses were uniformly deposited in two layers. The tumbling of the piles was done every 10 days, with the purpose to provide aeration for the substrate and water was added to the same. After 30 days, the final tumbling was done. In the assembly piles and in the tumbling process the carcasses and the substrate were weighed separately. During the process, the monitored parameters were dry matter, ashes, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, pH, organic carbon and C/N ratio. All substrates were efficient in the decomposition of the broiler carcasses and final physiochemical composition values are in agreement with values in IN-25/Mapa, in other words, all of the substrates can be used as simple organic fertilizers.